Slave Dynasty: History, Rulers, Qutubuddin Aibak, Iltutmish, Razia Sultana and Balban

Slave Dynasty is one of the most important topics in the medieval history of India and Pakistan because it marks the formal beginning of the Delhi Sultanate. The Slave Dynasty, also known as the Mamluk Dynasty or Mamluk Slave Dynasty, ruled from 1206 to 1290 AD and created the first stable Turkish Muslim state in North India. Its rulers were originally connected with the military slave system of the Ghorids, but they rose to become sovereign rulers of Delhi.

The Slave Dynasty was founded by Qutubuddin Aibak, the trusted slave-general of Muhammad Ghori. After Muhammad Ghori’s death in 1206 AD, Qutubuddin Aibak became the first independent Sultan of Delhi. His successors, especially Iltutmish, Razia Sultana and Ghiyasuddin Balban, transformed a fragile conquest into a functioning Sultanate. The dynasty faced many challenges: rival Turkish nobles, Ghorid claimants, Rajput resistance, Mongol threats, palace intrigues, succession crises and the problem of legitimacy.

For students, the Slave Dynasty history is useful because it answers many common questions: who founded the Slave Dynasty, who was the first ruler of Slave Dynasty, who was the real founder of Delhi Sultanate, who was Iltutmish, why was Razia Sultana important, what was Balban’s blood and iron policy, who was the last ruler of Slave Dynasty, and how did the Mamluk Dynasty end?

The Slave Dynasty in India should not be studied as a simple list of rulers. It was a formative period in which the Delhi Sultanate created its institutions, currency, army, court culture, territorial structure and ideology of kingship. The dynasty built the political foundation on which later Sultanate dynasties, including the Khaljis, Tughlaqs, Sayyids and Lodis, continued to rule.

For connected preparation, students can visit the Pakistan Affairs archive on Bellum Report for more history and exam-focused material. The Bellum Report book landing page also introduces The Indus Odyssey from Debal to Islamabad, a complete chronological guide that connects Muhammad Bin Qasim, the Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Slave Dynasty, Delhi Sultanate, Mughals, British period, Pakistan Movement and modern Pakistan.

Show Table of Contents

1. What Is the Slave Dynasty?
2. Slave Dynasty Meaning
3. Background of the Slave Dynasty
4. Founder of Slave Dynasty: Qutubuddin Aibak
5. Qutubuddin Aibak Rule and Achievements
6. Qutubuddin Aibak Death
7. Aram Shah and the Succession Crisis
8. Iltutmish: The Real Founder of Delhi Sultanate
9. Achievements of Iltutmish
10. Iltutmish Coins: Silver Tanka and Copper Jital
11. Razia Sultana and the Dynastic Crisis
12. Razia Sultana Rule and Reforms
13. Razia Sultana Husband, Rebellion and Fall
14. The Puppet Kings of the Slave Dynasty
15. Ghiyasuddin Balban and Strong Monarchy
16. Balban Blood and Iron Policy
17. Balban Military and Administrative Reforms
18. Last Ruler of Slave Dynasty
19. Fall of the Slave Dynasty
20. Importance of the Slave Dynasty
21. Slave Dynasty Rulers List
22. Important Exam Points
23. Recommended Book for Students
24. FAQs

What Is the Slave Dynasty?

The Slave Dynasty was the first ruling dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. It ruled from 1206 to 1290 AD. It is called the Slave Dynasty because many of its important rulers and founders had once been military slaves or Mamluks. In the medieval Islamic world, the word “slave” in this context does not mean an ordinary domestic servant. It refers to a trained military elite who could rise through ability, loyalty and service.

The Slave Dynasty began after the death of Muhammad Ghori. Since Muhammad Ghori had no sons, his empire was divided among his powerful slave-generals. In India, the most important of these generals was Qutubuddin Aibak. He controlled Delhi and Lahore and eventually became the first independent Sultan of Delhi.

The dynasty is also called the Mamluk Dynasty. The word Mamluk refers to military slaves who were trained for warfare, administration and loyalty to the ruler. These men often became commanders, governors and even kings. The Mamluk system was common in many parts of the Islamic world, including Egypt and Central Asia.

The Slave Dynasty in India was important because it gave political shape to Muhammad Ghori’s conquests. Without this dynasty, the victories of Tarain and Chandawar may have remained temporary military successes. The Slave rulers made Delhi a centre of power and turned conquest into administration.

Slave Dynasty Meaning

The Slave Dynasty meaning is often misunderstood. It does not mean that the dynasty ruled over slaves or that all its people were slaves. It means that its early rulers rose from the military slave class. These slaves were purchased, trained and educated in warfare, administration, court culture and loyalty. Some became more powerful than free-born nobles.

Qutubuddin Aibak, Iltutmish and Balban were all connected with this elite slave tradition. They were not weak men. They became rulers because they were capable soldiers, administrators and political organizers. Their background shows the social mobility of the medieval Mamluk system.

In this sense, the Slave Dynasty was not a dynasty of humiliation. It was a dynasty of military merit. Men who began as purchased slaves rose to become Sultans because they proved their ability in war and governance.

This is why the Mamluk Slave Dynasty is historically fascinating. It shows how medieval political systems could sometimes allow extraordinary upward mobility, though within a harsh military and aristocratic framework.

Background of the Slave Dynasty

The background of the Slave Dynasty begins with Muhammad Ghori. His victories at the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 AD and the Battle of Chandawar in 1194 AD opened the way for Ghorid control over North India. However, Muhammad Ghori did not personally stay in India for long periods. He left his trusted generals to administer conquered territories.

Qutubuddin Aibak became his most trusted commander in India. Aibak controlled important centres such as Delhi and Lahore. He also suppressed rebellions and expanded Ghorid control. When Muhammad Ghori died in 1206 AD, a political vacuum appeared.

In this crisis, different Ghorid slave-generals tried to control parts of the empire. Tajuddin Yildiz controlled Ghazni. Nasiruddin Qabacha controlled Multan and Sindh. Qutubuddin Aibak controlled Delhi and Lahore. These rival claimants made the early years of the Slave Dynasty unstable.

The foundation of the Slave Dynasty was therefore not smooth. It was born in crisis, competition and uncertainty. Yet through the efforts of Aibak and Iltutmish, Delhi became an independent and permanent centre of Muslim rule.

Founder of Slave Dynasty: Qutubuddin Aibak

The founder of Slave Dynasty was Qutubuddin Aibak. He is also written as Qutb-ud-din Aibak, Qutbuddin Aibak, Qutubuddin Aibak and Qutb al-Din Aibak. He was originally a Turk from Central Asia and was sold as a slave in his early life. His ability, courage and loyalty helped him rise in the service of Muhammad Ghori.

Qutubuddin Aibak became Muhammad Ghori’s most important commander in India. He fought battles, captured forts, managed territories and defended Ghorid authority. When Muhammad Ghori died in 1206 AD, Aibak emerged as the strongest ruler in North India.

In June 1206 AD, Qutubuddin Aibak was formally crowned at Lahore. This event marked the beginning of independent rule in India under the Slave Dynasty. He is therefore known as the first ruler of the Slave Dynasty and the first Sultan of Delhi.

However, some historians call Iltutmish the “real founder” of the Delhi Sultanate because Aibak’s rule was short and unstable, while Iltutmish gave the Sultanate its strong administrative and political structure. Still, the formal founder of the Slave Dynasty remains Qutubuddin Aibak.

Qutubuddin Aibak Rule and Achievements

Qutubuddin Aibak ruled from 1206 to 1210 AD. His reign was short, but it was historically important. His first task was to protect his position against rival Ghorid claimants and local enemies. He had to deal with Tajuddin Yildiz of Ghazni, Nasiruddin Qabacha of Multan and Sindh, and Rajput resistance in different regions.

Qutubuddin Aibak used political marriage alliances to strengthen his position. He married the daughter of Tajuddin Yildiz, gave his sister in marriage to Nasiruddin Qabacha, and married his daughter to Iltutmish. These alliances helped him reduce immediate threats and build political connections.

Aibak is also remembered for architectural achievements. He began the construction of the Qutub Minar in Delhi and built the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque. He also built the Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra mosque in Ajmer. These buildings became symbols of the early Delhi Sultanate.

He was also known as Lakh Bakhsh, meaning “Giver of Lakhs,” because of his generosity. This title shows how medieval chroniclers remembered his personal character. His rule was short, but it created the foundation for later consolidation under Iltutmish.

Qutubuddin Aibak Death

Qutubuddin Aibak death is a common exam and search question. He died in 1210 AD in Lahore while playing Chaugan, a medieval form of polo. His horse reportedly fell, and Aibak was badly injured. He died because of this accident.

Qutubuddin Aibak was buried in Lahore. His sudden death created a succession crisis. Since his rule had been short, the political structure of the Sultanate was still fragile.

After his death, Aram Shah was placed on the throne. However, Aram Shah proved weak and could not command the loyalty of the Turkish nobles. This opened the way for Iltutmish to rise.

The death of Qutubuddin Aibak shows how unstable the early Slave Dynasty was. It had been founded, but it still needed consolidation. That work was completed by Iltutmish.

Aram Shah and the Succession Crisis

Aram Shah came to power after the death of Qutubuddin Aibak. His rule was brief and weak. Many nobles did not support him because he lacked military authority and political ability. The Turkish guards and nobles of Delhi soon looked for a stronger ruler.

Iltutmish, who was Aibak’s son-in-law and governor of Badaun, was invited to take power. He defeated Aram Shah and became Sultan in 1211 AD. This event marked the beginning of the real consolidation of the Slave Dynasty.

Aram Shah is important mainly because his weakness created the opportunity for Iltutmish. He is usually treated as an ineffective ruler in the early history of the Delhi Sultanate.

The succession crisis after Aibak’s death shows that the Sultanate did not yet have a stable system of hereditary succession. Power depended on military support, noble approval and political ability.

Iltutmish: The Real Founder of Delhi Sultanate

Iltutmish, also known as Shams ud din Iltutmish or Shamsuddin Iltutmish, ruled from 1211 to 1236 AD. He is often called the real founder or real consolidator of the Delhi Sultanate because he gave the state administrative stability, legal recognition, military strength and territorial structure.

Iltutmish was originally an Ilbari Turk. Like Aibak, he rose from slavery through talent and service. Aibak recognized his ability, made him governor of Badaun and married his daughter to him. After Aram Shah’s failure, Iltutmish became Sultan of Delhi.

One of his first major decisions was to shift the capital permanently from Lahore to Delhi. This was extremely important. Delhi was more central for controlling the Indo-Gangetic plains, while Lahore was more exposed to frontier threats. By making Delhi the capital, Iltutmish gave the Sultanate a permanent political centre.

Iltutmish faced many threats: Tajuddin Yildiz, Nasiruddin Qabacha, Rajput resistance and the Mongol danger. Yet he defeated his rivals, expanded control and secured the Sultanate. This is why his reign is considered one of the most important phases of the Slave Dynasty.

Achievements of Iltutmish

The achievements of Iltutmish are central to the history of the Slave Dynasty. First, he defeated Tajuddin Yildiz at the Battle of Tarain in 1216 AD and ended his claim over Delhi. This victory freed Delhi from the shadow of Ghazni.

Second, Iltutmish defeated Nasiruddin Qabacha and brought Multan and Sindh under his influence. This strengthened the Sultanate’s control over the north-western region.

Third, he created the Turkan-i-Chahalgani, also called the Corps of Forty. This was an elite group of forty Turkish nobles who supported the Sultan’s administration. Initially, this group helped stabilize the state, but later it became powerful enough to interfere in succession politics.

Fourth, Iltutmish received a robe of honour and formal recognition from the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mustansir in 1229 AD. This gave religious and legal legitimacy to his rule. He was recognized as Sultan-i-Azam, or the Great Sultan.

Fifth, Iltutmish continued the construction of the Qutub Minar and developed Delhi as a major Islamic political and cultural centre. He also built the Hauz-i-Shamsi, a famous water reservoir in Delhi, and constructed his own tomb, which is known for early Indo-Islamic architectural features.

Iltutmish Coins: Silver Tanka and Copper Jital

Iltutmish coins are very important in exam preparation. Iltutmish introduced the Silver Tanka and the Copper Jital as standard currency. The Silver Tanka weighed about 175 grains and became the standard coin of the Delhi Sultanate for a long period.

The introduction of standardized currency helped improve economic order. A state cannot function properly without stable money. Coins allowed taxation, trade, salaries and market exchange to become more organized.

The Silver Tanka became a symbol of Sultanate authority. It showed that Iltutmish was not merely a military ruler; he was a state-builder. The Copper Jital helped smaller transactions and local trade.

For MCQs, students should remember that Iltutmish introduced the Silver Tanka and Copper Jital. This is one of the most frequently asked facts about the Slave Dynasty.

Razia Sultana and the Dynastic Crisis

Razia Sultana, also known as queen Razia Sultana and Sultana Razia, ruled from 1236 to 1240 AD. She was the daughter of Iltutmish and the only woman to sit on the throne of Delhi as Sultan. Her reign is one of the most remarkable and controversial chapters of the Slave Dynasty.

Iltutmish had recognized Razia’s ability and preferred her as his successor. However, after his death, the Turkish nobles initially placed Rukn-ud-din Firuz on the throne. Rukn-ud-din proved weak, and his mother Shah Turkan became unpopular because of her cruelty and political manipulation.

Razia gained public support in Delhi. During Friday prayers at the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, she appeared before the people and appealed for justice. The people of Delhi supported her, and she became Sultan.

Razia Sultana is important because she challenged gender norms, aristocratic politics and Turkish noble dominance. Her rule showed both her ability and the deep resistance of the nobility to female sovereignty.

Razia Sultana Rule and Reforms

Razia Sultana was not a symbolic ruler. She personally led military campaigns, appeared in public court and made independent administrative decisions. She abandoned the Purdah in court and appeared wearing a Qaba and Kulah, symbols associated with royal authority.

She also tried to reduce the dominance of the Turkish nobles. One of her most controversial decisions was the promotion of Jamal-ud-din Yaqut, an Abyssinian slave, to the post of Amir-i-Akhur, or Master of the Stables. This angered the Turkish nobility, who saw her policy as a threat to their monopoly of power.

Razia’s ability was recognized even by chroniclers who were not fully comfortable with her rule. Minhaj-us-Siraj, a major source for her period, wrote that she was wise, just and a benefactor of her kingdom, but he also objected that she was not born of the “right sex.”

Her reign highlights the central problem of medieval politics: ability alone was not enough. The support of military elites and acceptance by social norms were equally important. Razia had ability, but she faced a hostile political class.

Razia Sultana Husband, Rebellion and Fall

Questions about Razia Sultana husband and her fall are common. Her fall began when Ikhtiyar-ud-din Altunia, the governor of Bhatinda, rebelled against her. During the rebellion, Jamal-ud-din Yaqut was killed, and Razia was captured by Altunia.

In a clever political move, Razia married Altunia. By marrying him, she turned a rebel and captor into an ally. Together, they tried to regain the throne from her brother Bahram Shah, who had been placed on the throne by the Turkish nobles.

However, Razia and Altunia were defeated near Kaithal in Haryana. They were later killed by local bandits on October 14, 1240 AD. Razia’s rule lasted only about three years and six months, but her historical importance is far greater than the length of her reign.

Razia Sultana remains important because she was the first and only woman Sultan of Delhi. Her life shows the conflict between merit and patriarchy, central authority and Turkish nobility, royal ambition and aristocratic resistance.

The Puppet Kings of the Slave Dynasty

After Razia Sultana’s fall, the Slave Dynasty entered a period of instability. The Turkish nobles, especially the Chahalgani, became powerful and treated Sultans as figureheads. This period is often called the era of puppet kings.

The first of these rulers was Muiz-ud-din Bahram Shah, who ruled from 1240 to 1242 AD. His reign is important because the office of Naib-i-Mamlakat, or Deputy of the Realm, was created during this period. This office gave great power to the deputy and reduced the authority of the Sultan.

Ala-ud-din Masud Shah ruled from 1242 to 1246 AD. His reign was marked by disorder, luxury and weakness. Mongol pressure also increased during this period, reaching as far as the Ravi River.

Nasir-ud-din Mahmud ruled from 1246 to 1266 AD. He was known as a pious and reclusive ruler. Some traditions say he earned his living by copying the Quran. However, real power during his reign was exercised by his powerful Naib, Ghiyasuddin Balban.

Ghiyasuddin Balban and Strong Monarchy

Ghiyasuddin Balban ruled from 1266 to 1287 AD. Before becoming Sultan, he served as Naib under Nasir-ud-din Mahmud for about twenty years. When he became Sultan, he transformed the monarchy from a weak office controlled by nobles into a powerful and sacred institution.

Balban believed in strong kingship. He introduced a theory of sovereignty based on royal dignity and divine authority. He described the Sultan as the shadow of God on earth and used Persian court traditions to create distance between ruler and subjects.

He introduced strict court rituals such as Sijda, or prostration, and Paibos, or kissing the feet. He also maintained a grand court culture to create awe and discipline. His aim was to restore the authority of the Sultan after years of noble domination.

Balban’s rule was harsh, but it restored order. He understood that the Sultanate could not survive if nobles, rebels, bandits and frontier enemies weakened central authority.

Balban Blood and Iron Policy

Balban blood and iron policy is one of the most important topics related to the Slave Dynasty. This policy meant strict punishment, military discipline, centralized control and uncompromising suppression of rebellion.

Balban used this policy against highway robbers, rebels, disorderly nobles and internal enemies. He cleared areas around Delhi from the Mewatis, who had made roads unsafe. He built police forts, known as Thanas, in disturbed regions such as Katehar and Doab.

He also destroyed the power of the Chahalgani, the Forty Turkish nobles created under Iltutmish. Balban believed that the nobility had become too powerful and dangerous. He eliminated or weakened them through suspicion, punishment and political control.

The blood and iron policy was harsh, but it gave the Sultanate internal security. It reduced rebellion, improved road safety and restored the prestige of the Sultan.

Balban Military and Administrative Reforms

Balban reorganized the army and administration to strengthen the Slave Dynasty. He revived the Diwan-i-Arz, the military department, and placed it under the control of Imad-ul-Mulk. This department managed recruitment, salaries, inspection and discipline.

Balban separated the military department from the finance department. This helped create a more professional army. Soldiers were paid in cash instead of receiving land grants, which reduced the risk of local military officers becoming too independent.

He also created a strong spy system called Barids. These intelligence officers reported directly to the Sultan. If they failed to report rebellion or corruption, they were punished. This made the administration more controlled and disciplined.

Balban’s reforms were especially important because of the Mongol threat. He did not try to expand aggressively. Instead, he followed a policy of consolidation and defence, especially along the north-western frontier.

Last Ruler of Slave Dynasty

The last ruler of Slave Dynasty was Shamsuddin Kayumars, also written as Kayumars or Kaiumars. He was a child ruler placed on the throne after the decline of Balban’s line. Real power was weak, and the dynasty had lost its earlier strength.

Before Kayumars, Balban’s grandson Kaiqubad ruled from 1287 to 1290 AD. Kaiqubad was weak and indulged in pleasure. Court factions became powerful, and the state lost discipline.

By this time, the old Turkish elite had weakened. New military groups, especially the Khaljis, were rising. Jalal-ud-din Khalji eventually took power in 1290 AD.

The end of Kayumars marked the end of the Slave Dynasty and the beginning of the Khalji Dynasty. This transition also showed the decline of old Turkish monopoly over power.

Fall of the Slave Dynasty

The fall of the Slave Dynasty was caused by several factors. First, succession disputes weakened the dynasty after the death of strong rulers. After Iltutmish and Balban, weaker rulers came to power, allowing nobles to dominate politics.

Second, the Turkish nobility became too powerful. The Chahalgani had originally helped Iltutmish stabilize the Sultanate, but later it interfered in succession and treated Sultans as puppets.

Third, Mongol pressure on the frontier created constant military stress. Balban handled the Mongol danger through defence and consolidation, but after his death the dynasty lacked strong leadership.

Fourth, the old Turkish elite became rigid and exclusionary. Balban had followed a policy that excluded non-Turkish elements. This created tension and limited the political base of the Sultanate.

Finally, the Khaljis rose as a new military force. Jalal-ud-din Khalji overthrew the last Mamluk ruler in 1290 AD. This event ended the Slave Dynasty and began the Khalji Dynasty.

Importance of the Slave Dynasty

The Slave Dynasty is important because it established the Delhi Sultanate as a permanent state. Muhammad Ghori had conquered territory, but the Slave rulers created institutions. They made Delhi the capital, introduced currency, organized the Iqta system, built monuments, defended against Mongols and developed the Sultanate’s political culture.

Qutubuddin Aibak founded the dynasty. Iltutmish gave it legitimacy and structure. Razia Sultana challenged aristocratic and gender barriers. Balban restored royal authority and internal security. Together, these rulers shaped the early Delhi Sultanate.

The dynasty also introduced Indo-Islamic architecture in North India. The Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, Qutub Minar, Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra and the tomb of Iltutmish show the architectural experimentation of the early Sultanate period.

For students, the Slave Dynasty history is essential because it explains how Muslim rule became permanent in North India. It also helps understand later dynasties, including the Khaljis, Tughlaqs, Sayyids, Lodis and Mughals.

Slave Dynasty Rulers List

Ruler	Reign	Major Importance
Qutubuddin Aibak	1206–1210 AD	Founder and first ruler of the Slave Dynasty.
Aram Shah	1210–1211 AD	Weak successor of Aibak, replaced by Iltutmish.
Iltutmish	1211–1236 AD	Real consolidator of the Delhi Sultanate.
Rukn-ud-din Firuz	1236 AD	Weak son of Iltutmish, replaced by Razia.
Razia Sultana	1236–1240 AD	First and only woman Sultan of Delhi.
Muiz-ud-din Bahram Shah	1240–1242 AD	Puppet ruler under Turkish nobles.
Ala-ud-din Masud Shah	1242–1246 AD	Weak ruler during noble domination.
Nasir-ud-din Mahmud	1246–1266 AD	Pious ruler; real power held by Balban.
Ghiyasuddin Balban	1266–1287 AD	Restored strong monarchy and followed blood and iron policy.
Muiz-ud-din Kaiqubad	1287–1290 AD	Weak grandson of Balban.
Shamsuddin Kayumars	1290 AD	Last ruler of the Slave Dynasty.

Important Exam Points

Question	Answer
Who founded the Slave Dynasty?	Qutubuddin Aibak founded the Slave Dynasty in 1206 AD.
Who was the first ruler of Slave Dynasty?	Qutubuddin Aibak.
Where was Qutubuddin Aibak crowned?	Lahore.
Why was Aibak called Lakh Bakhsh?	Because of his generosity.
How did Qutubuddin Aibak die?	He died in 1210 AD while playing Chaugan, a medieval form of polo.
Who was called the real founder of Delhi Sultanate?	Iltutmish.
Who introduced the Silver Tanka and Copper Jital?	Iltutmish.
Who created the Turkan-i-Chahalgani?	Iltutmish.
Who was the first woman Sultan of Delhi?	Razia Sultana.
Who was Razia Sultana’s husband?	Ikhtiyar-ud-din Altunia.
Who was Jamal-ud-din Yaqut?	An Abyssinian slave promoted by Razia to the post of Amir-i-Akhur.
Who created the post of Naib-i-Mamlakat?	The post appeared during the reign of Muiz-ud-din Bahram Shah.
Who was known for the blood and iron policy?	Ghiyasuddin Balban.
Who revived the Diwan-i-Arz?	Balban.
Who was the last ruler of Slave Dynasty?	Shamsuddin Kayumars.
Which dynasty succeeded the Slave Dynasty?	The Khalji Dynasty.

Recommended Book for Students

The Slave Dynasty becomes easier to understand when it is studied in a complete historical sequence. Students often confuse the Ghorids, Mamluks, Khaljis and Tughlaqs because they read scattered notes. A chronological guide helps connect every dynasty with the next.

The Indus Odyssey from Debal to Islamabad: The Ultimate Guide to Pakistan Affairs explains the historical flow from 711 to 2025. It connects early Muslim rule in Sindh, the Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Slave Dynasty, Delhi Sultanate, Mughals, British India, the Pakistan Movement and modern Pakistan in one structured guide. It is useful for CSS, PMS, PCS, PPSC, FPSC, UPSC background reading, university students, teachers and history learners in Pakistan and India.

FAQs

What was the Slave Dynasty?

The Slave Dynasty was the first ruling dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. It ruled from 1206 to 1290 AD and was founded by Qutubuddin Aibak.

Why is it called the Slave Dynasty?

It is called the Slave Dynasty because its early rulers rose from the military slave or Mamluk class. These were trained military elites, not ordinary domestic slaves.

Who founded the Slave Dynasty in India?

Qutubuddin Aibak founded the Slave Dynasty in India after the death of Muhammad Ghori in 1206 AD.

Who was the first ruler of Slave Dynasty?

The first ruler of the Slave Dynasty was Qutubuddin Aibak.

Who was the real founder of Delhi Sultanate?

Iltutmish is often called the real founder of the Delhi Sultanate because he consolidated the state, shifted the capital to Delhi, introduced standard currency and gained recognition from the Abbasid Caliph.

Who was Razia Sultana?

Razia Sultana was the daughter of Iltutmish and the first and only woman Sultan of Delhi. She ruled from 1236 to 1240 AD.

Who was Razia Sultana husband?

Razia Sultana married Ikhtiyar-ud-din Altunia after he rebelled against her and captured her. They later tried to regain the throne together.

What was Balban blood and iron policy?

Balban blood and iron policy was a strict policy of repression, discipline and punishment used to suppress rebels, robbers, nobles and internal disorder.

Who was the last ruler of Slave Dynasty?

The last ruler of the Slave Dynasty was Shamsuddin Kayumars. The dynasty ended in 1290 AD when the Khaljis came to power.

Which dynasty came after the Slave Dynasty?

The Khalji Dynasty came after the Slave Dynasty in 1290 AD.

Where can I buy The Indus Odyssey from Debal to Islamabad?

You can buy the Kindle edition on Amazon India and Amazon USA using these links: Amazon India and Amazon USA.

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The Ultimate Guide to Pakistan Affairs (711-2025). A focused Kindle guide for CSS, PMS, PCS, PPSC and FPSC Pakistan Affairs preparation.

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