Akbar: Biography, Early Life, Father, Navratnas, Rajput Policy, Din-i-Ilahi and Legacy

Akbar, known in history as Akbar the Great, was the third Mughal emperor and the real architect of the Mughal Empire in India. His full name was Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar. He was born on October 15, 1542, at Umerkot in Sindh during the exile of his father, Humayun. Akbar inherited a fragile throne in 1556, but by the time of his death in 1605, he had transformed the Mughal state into a vast, powerful and durable empire.

The greatness of Akbar lies not only in conquest. His real achievement was consolidation. Zahir ud din Babar founded Mughal rule through victory at Panipat, and Humayun restored it after exile, but Akbar gave it strong institutions, loyal nobles, stable revenue, political inclusion, Rajput alliances, military organization, architectural identity and imperial ideology. He turned the Mughal Empire from a restored family kingdom into a structured imperial state.

Akbar’s reign must be understood as part of the long historical chain of South Asian Muslim rule. Bellum Report has already covered the background through Muhammad Bin Qasim, the Ghaznavid Empire, Muhammad Ghori, the Slave Dynasty, the Khalji Dynasty, the Tughlaq Dynasty, the Sayyid Dynasty, the Lodhi Dynasty, Babur and Humayun. Akbar’s era comes after these stages and represents the first fully mature phase of Mughal power.

His reign combined power with policy. He defeated Hemu at the Second Battle of Panipat, overcame palace influence, dismissed Bairam Khan, created the Mansabdari system, followed a successful Rajput policy, abolished the pilgrimage tax and Jizya, encouraged debates at the Ibadat Khana, developed the principle of Sulh-i-Kul, built Fatehpur Sikri, patronized the Navratnas, and expanded the empire across North India, Gujarat, Bengal, Kabul, Kashmir, Sindh and parts of the Deccan.

Show Table of Contents

1. Who Was Akbar?
2. Akbar Early Life
3. Akbar Father Name and Family Background
4. Second Battle of Panipat 1556
5. Bairam Khan and the Regency Period
6. Petticoat Government and Akbar’s Assumption of Power
7. Akbar Rajput Policy
8. Chittor, Maharana Pratap and Battle of Haldighati
9. Major Conquests of Akbar
10. Mansabdari System
11. Raja Todar Mal and Revenue Reform
12. Navratna of Akbar
13. Akbar and Birbal
14. Religious Policy of Akbar
15. Din-i-Ilahi and Sulh-i-Kul
16. Fatehpur Sikri and Buland Darwaza
17. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi and Religious Opposition
18. Akbar Family: Wife, Spouse, Sons and Children
19. Akbar Death and Akbar Tomb
20. Legacy of Akbar
21. Important Exam Points
22. Recommended Book for Students
23. FAQs

Who Was Akbar?

Akbar was the third emperor of the Mughal Empire. He ruled from 1556 to 1605 and is regarded as one of the greatest rulers in Indian and Pakistani history. His full name was Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, and he is commonly called Akbar the Great because of his military, administrative, cultural and political achievements.

Akbar became emperor at a time when Mughal power was still insecure. Humayun had recovered Delhi in 1555, but he died only a few months later in January 1556. The empire was still surrounded by Afghan rivals, unstable nobles and regional powers. A thirteen-year-old emperor could easily have lost the throne.

Yet Akbar survived the crisis of succession and built one of the most stable empires in South Asia. He moved from dependence on Bairam Khan to independent rule, from military survival to imperial expansion, and from narrow conquest to political integration.

The biography of Akbar is therefore not only about a king’s life. It is about the making of a state. He created a system that allowed later Mughal rulers such as Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb to inherit a powerful imperial structure.

Akbar Early Life

Akbar early life was marked by exile, uncertainty and movement. He was born at Umerkot in Sindh on October 15, 1542, when Humayun was a fugitive after losing the Mughal Empire to Sher Shah Suri. His mother was Hamida Banu Begum.

Akbar’s birth during exile is historically symbolic. The future greatest Mughal emperor was born when Mughal power had almost collapsed. Humayun had no secure throne, no stable capital and no strong base in India. The Mughal family was moving through hardship and dependency.

During his childhood, Akbar spent time in difficult political conditions. He was separated from his parents at times and remained under the care of different Mughal and Persian-connected circles. His early environment was more military than scholarly. Unlike some later Mughal princes, Akbar did not become a highly literate bookman, but he developed extraordinary memory, judgment, courage and practical intelligence.

This early life shaped Akbar’s personality. He became physically strong, bold in hunting and warfare, and deeply interested in people, faiths, power and governance. His lack of formal reading did not prevent him from becoming one of the most intellectually curious rulers of the age.

Akbar Father Name and Family Background

Akbar father name was Humayun. The father of Akbar was the second Mughal emperor and the son of Babur. Humayun lost the empire to Sher Shah Suri in 1540, lived in exile, took refuge in Persia, recovered Kabul and Kandahar, and finally restored Mughal rule in Delhi in 1555.

The family background of Akbar connected him with the Timurid and Mughal tradition. His grandfather Babur was descended from Timur on his father’s side and from Genghis Khan on his mother’s side. This gave the Mughal house a powerful imperial claim.

Akbar inherited not only a throne but also a historical burden. Babur had founded the empire, Humayun had restored it, and Akbar had to consolidate it. If Akbar had failed, Mughal rule might have disappeared again.

His early reign was protected by Bairam Khan, the loyal general of Humayun. Without Bairam Khan’s military leadership, the young emperor might not have survived the Afghan challenge led by Hemu in 1556.

Second Battle of Panipat 1556

The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on November 5, 1556, between the Mughal forces of Akbar and the army of Hemu. Hemu, also known as Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, had captured Delhi and declared himself emperor. This was the first major test of Akbar’s reign.

Akbar was only thirteen years old, so real military leadership was provided by Bairam Khan. The Mughal army faced a serious challenge because Hemu had a large force, war elephants and recent victories behind him.

During the battle, Hemu was struck in the eye by an arrow and became unconscious. His army lost morale and collapsed. The Mughal victory secured Akbar’s throne and ended the immediate Afghan attempt to remove Mughal rule from North India.

The Second Battle of Panipat was as important for Akbar as the First Battle of Panipat was for Babur. Babur founded Mughal power in 1526, while Akbar’s victory in 1556 saved it from extinction.

Bairam Khan and the Regency Period

Bairam Khan was Akbar’s Ataliq, or guardian-regent. He had served Humayun loyally and became the real protector of the Mughal state after Humayun’s death. His role in the Second Battle of Panipat made him the architect of Akbar’s early survival.

From 1556 to 1560, Bairam Khan exercised enormous power in Akbar’s name. He controlled military affairs, managed nobles and protected the young emperor from immediate threats.

However, a regency that begins as protection can become a limitation. As Akbar grew older, he wanted personal control. Court factions also turned against Bairam Khan. In 1560, Akbar dismissed him and advised him to go on pilgrimage to Makkah.

Bairam Khan rebelled briefly but was defeated and pardoned by Akbar. He was later assassinated by an Afghan while traveling. His son, Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, was raised at Akbar’s court and later became one of the important literary and administrative figures of the empire.

Petticoat Government and Akbar’s Assumption of Power

After Bairam Khan’s dismissal, Akbar still faced palace influence. From 1560 to 1562, power was partly dominated by Maham Anga, Akbar’s foster mother, and her son Adham Khan. This phase is often called the “Petticoat Government.”

Maham Anga and her circle tried to control access to the young emperor. Adham Khan became powerful but reckless. In 1562, Adham Khan murdered Ataga Khan, one of Akbar’s trusted officials.

Akbar responded with decisive severity. He ordered Adham Khan to be thrown from the palace walls. This event showed that Akbar was no longer a child under palace control.

By 1562, Akbar had freed himself from Bairam Khan, Maham Anga and factional interference. This marked the beginning of his independent rule and the start of his greatest achievements.

Akbar Rajput Policy

Akbar understood that the Mughals could not rule India permanently by treating the Rajputs only as enemies. Earlier Sultans had often fought Rajput states as military rivals. Akbar adopted a more intelligent policy: he combined conquest with alliance, respect and integration.

His Rajput policy had several pillars. First, he formed matrimonial alliances with important Rajput houses, especially the Kachwaha family of Amber. His marriage alliance with the daughter of Raja Bharmal of Amber in 1562 created a loyal relationship with the Kachwaha Rajputs.

Second, Akbar gave high Mansabs and important posts to Rajput nobles. Raja Man Singh became one of his greatest generals. Raja Bhagwan Das and other Rajput chiefs also served the empire with distinction.

Third, Akbar allowed loyal Rajput rulers to retain internal autonomy in their ancestral lands as long as they accepted Mughal suzerainty and served the empire.

Fourth, he abolished the pilgrimage tax in 1563 and Jizya in 1564. These decisions sent a strong message that the empire would not be governed through religious exclusion. This helped win the confidence of non-Muslim subjects and elites.

Chittor, Maharana Pratap and Battle of Haldighati

Akbar’s Rajput policy was successful with many Rajput states, but Mewar refused to submit. Rana Udai Singh and later Maharana Pratap continued resistance. The strongest symbol of this struggle was Chittor.

The siege of Chittor took place in 1567–1568. Akbar personally led the campaign. After a difficult siege, the fort fell in February 1568. The fall of Chittor broke a major centre of Rajput resistance, though it did not end the spirit of Mewar.

The Battle of Haldighati was fought on June 18, 1576, between Mughal forces led by Raja Man Singh and the forces of Maharana Pratap. The battle is often remembered as a clash of courage, identity and political sovereignty.

The Mughals won the field, but Maharana Pratap escaped and continued resistance through guerrilla tactics. He never fully accepted Mughal sovereignty. For this reason, Maharana Pratap remains a powerful symbol of defiance, while Akbar remains the builder of a broader imperial order.

Major Conquests of Akbar

Akbar expanded the Mughal Empire from a fragile North Indian kingdom into a continental power. His conquests integrated diverse regions and created the foundation of a durable state.

Year	Region or Campaign	Historical Importance
1561	Malwa	Baz Bahadur was defeated; Mughal influence expanded in Central India.
1564	Gondwana	Rani Durgavati resisted bravely against Mughal expansion.
1567–1568	Chittor	Major Rajput stronghold captured after a difficult siege.
1572–1573	Gujarat	Important commercial region conquered; Buland Darwaza later commemorated the victory.
1574–1576	Bengal and Bihar	Afghan power in the east was weakened and Mughal authority expanded.
1585	Kabul	North-western security improved against frontier threats.
1591–1595	Sindh and Baluchistan	Mughal control over the north-western frontier was strengthened.

These conquests show that Akbar was not only an administrator or philosopher-king. He was also a powerful military ruler. His empire expanded through campaigns, diplomacy, frontier strategy and the cooperation of diverse elites.

Mansabdari System

The Mansabdari system was one of Akbar’s greatest administrative achievements. The word Mansab means rank or position. Every important officer of the Mughal state received a Mansab, which determined status, salary and military responsibility.

The system had two important ranks: Zat and Sawar. Zat showed the personal rank and status of the officer. Sawar showed the number of cavalrymen the officer had to maintain for imperial service.

Akbar also introduced accountability through Dagh and Chehra. Dagh meant branding of horses to prevent fraud, while Chehra was the descriptive roll of soldiers. These measures made it difficult for officers to show fake troops or inferior horses.

The Mansabdari system was important because it created a unified service elite. Turks, Persians, Indian Muslims, Rajputs and other groups could serve the empire under one administrative-military framework. This helped Akbar reduce ethnic factionalism and build loyalty to the Mughal crown.

Raja Todar Mal and Revenue Reform

Raja Todar Mal was one of Akbar’s greatest administrators and a key figure in Mughal revenue reform. He introduced the Dahsala system, also known as the Zabti system, which calculated land revenue on the basis of average produce and prices over ten years.

The revenue system measured land, classified it and fixed the state demand more systematically. This reduced arbitrary assessment and improved predictability for both the state and cultivators.

Todar Mal’s reforms strengthened the financial base of the Mughal Empire. Without stable revenue, Akbar could not maintain armies, officials, buildings, workshops, roads and imperial administration.

Revenue reform was therefore the economic backbone of Akbar’s empire. Military conquest expanded territory, but revenue organization converted territory into a functioning state.

Navratna of Akbar

The Navratna of Akbar, or Nine Gems of Akbar’s court, represented the intellectual and administrative brilliance of his reign. Akbar gathered talented men from different backgrounds and used their abilities in governance, literature, music, finance, diplomacy and war.

Name	Area of Expertise	Historical Importance
Abul Fazl	History and philosophy	Author of Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari.
Faizi	Poetry and translation	Persian poet and scholar; helped translation projects.
Raja Todar Mal	Finance and revenue	Introduced the Dahsala or Zabti revenue system.
Tansen	Music	Legendary musician of Hindustani classical tradition.
Birbal	Wit and counsel	Close companion and adviser of Akbar.
Raja Man Singh	Military command	Great Rajput general; led campaigns in Kabul, Bengal and Orissa.
Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan	Literature and administration	Poet, noble and son of Bairam Khan.
Fakir Aziao-Din	Spiritual counsel	Religious adviser associated with Akbar’s spiritual interests.
Mulla Do-Piyaza	Court wit and counsel	Known in later tradition as a witty court figure.

The Navratnas show that Akbar valued talent over narrow birth identity. His court included Muslims, Hindus, poets, warriors, administrators and musicians. This helped create a culture of imperial synthesis.

Akbar and Birbal

Akbar and Birbal are among the most famous pairs in South Asian historical memory. Birbal’s original name was Mahesh Das. Akbar gave him the title Raja and brought him close to the imperial court.

Popular stories present Akbar Birbal as a relationship of wisdom, wit and moral testing. Many of these stories are later literary traditions rather than strict historical records, but they show how Akbar’s court lived in public imagination.

Historically, Birbal was more than a comic figure. He was a trusted courtier and adviser. His closeness to Akbar reflected the emperor’s willingness to include talented Hindus in high imperial circles.

Birbal died in 1586 during a campaign against the Yusufzai tribes in the Kunar region. His death deeply saddened Akbar, showing the personal bond between the emperor and his adviser.

Religious Policy of Akbar

Akbar’s religious policy evolved over time. In his early years, he ruled within the traditional framework of Islamic kingship. Later, he moved toward a broader principle of governance based on tolerance, debate and imperial peace.

In 1563, Akbar abolished the pilgrimage tax. In 1564, he abolished Jizya, the tax on non-Muslims. These reforms signaled a major shift from exclusion toward political inclusion.

In 1575, Akbar established the Ibadat Khana at Fatehpur Sikri. It was originally created for debates among Muslim scholars, but Akbar later opened it to Hindus, Jains, Christians, Zoroastrians and others.

The debates at Ibadat Khana deeply influenced Akbar. He became dissatisfied with narrow sectarian quarrels and moved toward a broader idea of kingship that emphasized justice, reason and peace among communities.

Din-i-Ilahi and Sulh-i-Kul

Sulh-i-Kul, meaning universal peace, became the guiding principle of Akbar’s imperial policy. It meant that the state should treat people of different religions with fairness and should not base governance on sectarian hostility.

In 1579, Akbar issued the Mahzar decree, which strengthened his authority in religious matters when scholars disagreed. This did not make him a prophet or a religious founder; it made him the final arbiter in disputes affecting the state.

In 1582, Akbar introduced Din-i-Ilahi, also called Tauhid-i-Ilahi by some contemporary sources. It was not a mass religion. It was a small spiritual order among selected disciples. It emphasized loyalty to the emperor, ethical discipline, abstinence from meat at certain times, reverence for light and moral conduct.

Din-i-Ilahi remained limited and never became a popular religion. Its historical importance lies in showing Akbar’s attempt to create a moral and spiritual framework for imperial unity.

Fatehpur Sikri and Buland Darwaza

Fatehpur Sikri was Akbar’s grand ceremonial capital near Agra. It was built after the birth of Prince Salim, later Jahangir, who was associated with the blessings of the Sufi saint Sheikh Salim Chishti.

Fatehpur Sikri represents Akbar’s architectural and political imagination. It combined Islamic, Persian, Hindu and Jain elements. Its buildings used red sandstone, carved brackets, domes, arches, courtyards and ornamental pillars.

The Buland Darwaza, or Gate of Victory, was built to commemorate Akbar’s conquest of Gujarat. It is one of the tallest gateways in the world and remains one of the most famous monuments of Akbar’s reign.

The Ibadat Khana at Fatehpur Sikri was the centre of Akbar’s religious debates. The Diwan-i-Khas, Panch Mahal, Jami Masjid and other buildings show the architectural diversity and symbolic power of his rule.

Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi and Religious Opposition

Akbar’s religious policies did not go unchallenged. Orthodox scholars criticized his innovations, especially Din-i-Ilahi, Jharokha Darshan, court rituals and the weakening of traditional religious authority.

Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, later known as Mujaddid Alf Sani, emerged as one of the strongest critics of Akbar’s religious direction. He belonged to the Naqshbandi Sufi order and emphasized the restoration of Islamic law and identity.

Sirhindi opposed religious syncretism and criticized ideas that blurred distinctions between Islam and other religions. He promoted the philosophy of Wahdat-ul-Shuhood, or Unity of Witnessing, against interpretations associated with Wahdat-ul-Wajood.

His influence became stronger after Akbar’s reign, especially during Jahangir’s time and later under more orthodox currents. His role shows that Akbar’s religious experiments created both admiration and resistance.

Akbar Family: Wife, Spouse, Sons and Children

Akbar’s family life was politically important because marriage alliances helped strengthen the Mughal Empire. The most famous Akbar spouse in popular memory is the Rajput princess of Amber, commonly known in later tradition as Jodha Bai, though many historians identify her more carefully as Harka Bai or Mariam-uz-Zamani.

Akbar wife name is often asked in exams and general history. The safest historical answer is that Mariam-uz-Zamani was one of Akbar’s most important wives and the mother of Prince Salim, who later became Emperor Jahangir.

Akbar son and successor was Salim, later known as Jahangir. Akbar also had other sons, including Murad and Daniyal. His children played important roles in succession politics, though Salim eventually inherited the throne.

The Akbar family tree is important because it links three major Mughal generations: Humayun as Akbar’s father, Akbar as the consolidator, and Jahangir as Akbar’s son and successor.

Akbar Death and Akbar Tomb

Akbar death occurred on October 27, 1605, at Agra. The question how did Akbar died is usually answered by saying that he died after an illness, commonly described in historical accounts as dysentery or a related abdominal illness.

By the time of his death, Akbar had ruled for nearly fifty years. He left behind a strong empire, a capable administrative system, a powerful army and a broad imperial culture.

Akbar Tomb is located at Sikandra near Agra. Akbar himself began the construction of his tomb, and it was completed by his son Jahangir. The tomb reflects Mughal garden-tomb design and imperial symbolism.

Akbar Tomb Sikandra remains one of the major monuments of Mughal India. It represents the memory of a ruler who was not only a conqueror but also a builder of institutions.

Legacy of Akbar

The legacy of Akbar is one of the strongest in South Asian history. He transformed the Mughal Empire from a vulnerable inheritance into a powerful state. His administrative, military and cultural systems survived long after his death.

His Mansabdari system created a disciplined service elite. His revenue reforms strengthened the economy. His Rajput policy integrated powerful Hindu warrior groups into the empire. His religious policy reduced sectarian barriers and promoted imperial peace.

Akbar’s architecture gave the empire a visual identity. Fatehpur Sikri, Agra Fort, Lahore Fort renovations and Buland Darwaza reflected power, synthesis and artistic experimentation.

His cultural patronage supported literature, translation, music, painting and historical writing. Abul Fazl’s Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari became major sources for understanding Mughal administration and ideology.

Akbar’s greatest achievement was balance. He balanced sword and statesmanship, religion and politics, central authority and local autonomy, Persian culture and Indian realities, conquest and accommodation. This is why he is remembered as Akbar the Great.

Important Exam Points

Question	Answer
Who was Akbar?	Akbar was the third Mughal emperor and the greatest consolidator of the Mughal Empire.
What was Akbar’s full name?	Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar.
When was Akbar born?	October 15, 1542.
Where was Akbar born?	Umerkot in Sindh.
What was Akbar father name?	Humayun.
Who was Akbar’s mother?	Hamida Banu Begum.
When did Akbar become emperor?	1556, after Humayun’s death.
Where was Akbar crowned?	Kalanaur in Punjab.
Who was Akbar’s regent?	Bairam Khan.
When was the Second Battle of Panipat fought?	November 5, 1556.
Who was defeated at the Second Battle of Panipat?	Hemu.
What was the Petticoat Government?	The period of palace influence under Maham Anga from 1560 to 1562.
When did Akbar abolish the pilgrimage tax?	1563.
When did Akbar abolish Jizya?	1564.
What was the Mansabdari system?	A rank-based military-administrative system introduced by Akbar.
What did Zat and Sawar mean?	Zat showed personal rank; Sawar showed cavalry obligation.
Who introduced the Dahsala system?	Raja Todar Mal under Akbar.
Who wrote Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari?	Abul Fazl.
Who was Tansen?	A legendary musician and one of the Navratnas of Akbar.
Who was Birbal?	A close adviser of Akbar and one of his Navratnas.
When was the Battle of Haldighati fought?	1576.
Who fought the Battle of Haldighati against Mughal forces?	Maharana Pratap.
What was Din-i-Ilahi?	A small spiritual order introduced by Akbar in 1582.
What was Sulh-i-Kul?	Akbar’s principle of universal peace and tolerance.
Who opposed Akbar’s religious policies?	Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi and other orthodox scholars.
When did Akbar die?	October 27, 1605.
Where is Akbar Tomb?	Sikandra near Agra.

Recommended Book for Students

Akbar becomes easier to understand when his reign is placed in a full historical sequence. His greatness cannot be separated from Babur’s foundation, Humayun’s restoration, Sher Shah Suri’s administrative influence, Bairam Khan’s protection, Rajput cooperation and the later Mughal developments under Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb.

The Indus Odyssey from Debal to Islamabad: The Ultimate Guide to Pakistan Affairs explains the complete historical flow from 711 to 2025. It connects Muhammad Bin Qasim, the Ghaznavids, Muhammad Ghori, the Slave Dynasty, Khaljis, Tughlaqs, Sayyids, Lodhis, Zahir ud din Babar, Humayun, Akbar, the Mughal Empire, British India, the Pakistan Movement and modern Pakistan in one structured guide. It is useful for CSS, PMS, PCS, PPSC, FPSC, UPSC background reading, university students, teachers and history learners in Pakistan and India.

FAQs

Who was Akbar?

Akbar was the third Mughal emperor and the greatest consolidator of the Mughal Empire. He ruled from 1556 to 1605.

What was Akbar father name?

Akbar father name was Humayun, the second Mughal emperor and son of Babur.

Who was the father of Akbar?

The father of Akbar was Humayun, who restored Mughal rule in Delhi in 1555 before his death in 1556.

When and where was Akbar born?

Akbar was born on October 15, 1542, at Umerkot in Sindh during Humayun’s exile.

Who was Akbar son?

Akbar son and successor was Prince Salim, who later ruled as Emperor Jahangir.

What was Akbar son name?

Akbar son name was Salim, later known as Jahangir. Akbar also had other sons, including Murad and Daniyal.

Who was Akbar spouse?

One important Akbar spouse was Mariam-uz-Zamani, the Rajput princess of Amber and mother of Jahangir. In popular tradition, she is often called Jodha Bai, though historians debate the name.

What was the Second Battle of Panipat?

The Second Battle of Panipat was fought in 1556 between the Mughal forces of Akbar under Bairam Khan and Hemu. The Mughal victory secured Akbar’s throne.

What was the Mansabdari system?

The Mansabdari system was Akbar’s rank-based administrative and military system. It organized nobles by Zat and Sawar ranks and linked status with military responsibility.

Who were the Navratna of Akbar?

The Navratna of Akbar included Abul Fazl, Faizi, Raja Todar Mal, Tansen, Birbal, Raja Man Singh, Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, Fakir Aziao-Din and Mulla Do-Piyaza.

What was Akbar and Birbal relationship?

Akbar and Birbal shared a close court relationship. Birbal was one of Akbar’s trusted advisers and later became famous in popular stories for wit and wisdom.

What was Din-i-Ilahi?

Din-i-Ilahi was a small spiritual order introduced by Akbar in 1582. It was not a mass religion but a limited ethical and spiritual circle around the emperor.

How did Akbar died?

Akbar died in 1605 after an illness, commonly described in historical accounts as dysentery or a related abdominal illness.

Where is Akbar Tomb?

Akbar Tomb is located at Sikandra near Agra. It was begun by Akbar and completed by his son Jahangir.

Where can I buy The Indus Odyssey from Debal to Islamabad?

You can buy the Kindle edition on Amazon India and Amazon USA using these links: Amazon India and Amazon USA.

Recommended Book

The Indus Odyssey from Debal to Islamabad

The Ultimate Guide to Pakistan Affairs (711-2025). A focused Kindle guide for CSS, PMS, PCS, PPSC and FPSC Pakistan Affairs preparation.

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