Indian Councils Act 1861 was one of the most important constitutional reforms of early Crown rule in British India. It was passed after the Government of India Act 1858, which had ended East India Company rule and transferred Indian administration to the British Crown. The Indian Councils Act 1861 did not create democracy, responsible government or elected representation for Indians, but it introduced major administrative and legislative changes that shaped the future of British Indian constitutional development.
The Indian Councils Act 1861 is especially important because it expanded the Viceroy’s Executive Council, introduced the portfolio system, restored legislative powers to the presidencies of Bombay and Madras, created space for additional legislative members, allowed limited nomination of Indians to the legislative council and gave the Viceroy power to issue ordinances in emergencies. These provisions made the Act a key link between the Government of India Act 1858 and later constitutional reforms such as the Indian Councils Act 1892, Morley Minto Reforms 1909, Montagu Chelmsford Reforms 1919 and Government of India Act 1935.
For students of Pakistan Studies, CSS, PMS, PPSC, FPSC, PCS and British Indian constitutional history, the Indian Councils Act 1861 is compulsory because it shows how the British Crown tried to stabilize India after the Revolt of 1857. The British had learned that ruling India without associating Indian elites was dangerous. Therefore, the Act allowed the Viceroy to nominate some Indians to the legislative council. However, this association was very limited, controlled and symbolic. Indians were not given real power; they were only allowed to participate in law-making in a restricted manner.
The wider historical background of the Indian Councils Act 1861 begins before British Crown rule. The subcontinent had already passed through major political stages, including Muhammad Bin Qasim, the Ghaznavid Empire, Muhammad Ghori, the Slave Dynasty, the Khalji Dynasty, the Tughlaq Dynasty, the Sayyid Dynasty and the Lodhi Dynasty. These dynasties shaped political authority, military organization and administrative traditions before European companies became powerful.
The Mughal Empire later created a grand imperial order under Zahir ud din Babar, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb Alamgir. Cultural memory also survived through stories such as Anarkali. After the decline of Mughal Empire, the East India Company expanded its power through trade, war, diplomacy and revenue control. The symbolic end of Mughal authority under Bahadur Shah Zafar came after the Revolt of 1857, its failure of revolt and the consequences of revolt.
After 1857, reform movements and political awakening gradually developed under Crown rule. The Aligarh Movement, the Faraizi Movement, Titu Mir, Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj all belonged to the wider colonial environment in which Indians responded to British power, education, administration and social change. Later constitutional reforms, including the Montagu Chelmsford Reforms, continued the reform process that began to take clearer shape after the Indian Councils Act 1861.
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Main Idea: Indian Councils Act 1861 expanded the Viceroy’s Council, introduced the portfolio system, restored legislative powers to Bombay and Madras, allowed limited Indian nomination to legislative councils and gave the Viceroy emergency ordinance powers. It was an early Crown-rule reform after the Revolt of 1857.
Show Table of Contents
- What Is Indian Councils Act 1861?
- Background of Indian Councils Act 1861
- Why Indian Councils Act 1861 Was Passed
- Main Features of Indian Councils Act 1861
- Indian Councils Act 1861 and Portfolio System
- Indian Councils Act 1861 and Legislative Council
- Indian Councils Act 1861 and Indian Nomination
- Indian Councils Act 1861 and Provincial Legislative Powers
- Indian Councils Act 1861 and Viceroy’s Ordinance Power
- Indian Councils Act 1861 and Lord Canning
- Government of India Act 1858 vs Indian Councils Act 1861
- Significance of Indian Councils Act 1861
- Criticism of Indian Councils Act 1861
- Indian Councils Act 1861 and Muslim Perspective
- Indian Councils Act 1861 for Pakistan Studies
- Important Exam Points
- Official and Authentic Source Links
- Recommended Internal Reading
- FAQs About Indian Councils Act 1861
What Is Indian Councils Act 1861?
Indian Councils Act 1861 was a British parliamentary law passed to reform the executive and legislative councils in India after the transfer of power from the East India Company to the British Crown. It was passed during the early years of Crown rule and was closely connected with the administrative lessons of the Revolt of 1857.
The Act expanded the Governor-General’s Executive Council and made it work more like a cabinet through the portfolio system. Under this system, different members of the council were placed in charge of different departments such as home, finance, law, military and revenue. This improved administrative efficiency because each member became responsible for a particular area of government.
The Indian Councils Act 1861 also changed legislative arrangements. It allowed the Viceroy to add additional members to his council for law-making purposes. Some of these members could be non-officials, and the Viceroy could nominate Indians. This was the first time after the beginning of Crown rule that Indians were formally associated, although in a very limited way, with the legislative process.
In simple words, the Indian Councils Act 1861 was not a democratic reform, but it was an important administrative and constitutional reform. It introduced cabinet-style working through the portfolio system, restored limited provincial legislative powers and opened a small door for Indian participation in law-making.
Background of Indian Councils Act 1861
The background of the Indian Councils Act 1861 lies in the political crisis after the Revolt of 1857. The Government of India Act 1858 had ended East India Company rule and transferred administration to the Crown. However, the new Crown administration still needed a practical system for governing India. British officials realized that the pre-1857 system had been too centralized, too exclusive and too insensitive to Indian opinion.
The Revolt of 1857 had shown the dangers of ruling without understanding local feelings. The British wanted to avoid another large-scale uprising. They believed that selected Indian princes, landlords and elites should be associated with administration in a controlled manner. This was not meant to give power to the masses. It was meant to win loyalty and gather advice from influential Indians.
The earlier Charter Act 1833 had centralized legislative authority and had taken away legislative powers from Bombay and Madras. This centralization made administration more uniform but also less responsive to local conditions. After 1857, the British realized that provinces needed some legislative role. Therefore, the Indian Councils Act 1861 restored legislative powers to Bombay and Madras and allowed the creation of legislative councils in other provinces.
The Act also reflected the need for better executive organization. India was too large and complex to be governed through unclear administrative responsibility. The portfolio system helped divide work among council members and made governance more organized.
Why Indian Councils Act 1861 Was Passed
Indian Councils Act 1861 was passed to make Crown rule more stable, organized and consultative after the Revolt of 1857. The British government wanted to strengthen administration while also creating the appearance of Indian association with governance.
Indian Councils Act 1861 Was Passed to Stabilize Crown Rule
The first reason for the Indian Councils Act 1861 was to stabilize Crown rule after 1858. The British Crown had taken direct control of India, but the political environment remained sensitive. The Act helped create a more flexible administrative system.
Indian Councils Act 1861 Was Passed to Associate Indian Elites
The British believed that selected Indians should be included in legislative councils to avoid complete alienation. This inclusion was limited and nominated, but it allowed the government to claim that Indians were being consulted.
Indian Councils Act 1861 Was Passed to Improve Executive Efficiency
The portfolio system was introduced to improve administration. Council members were given specific departments, which made responsibility clearer and decision-making faster.
Indian Councils Act 1861 Was Passed to Restore Provincial Legislative Powers
The Charter Act 1833 had centralized legislative power. The Indian Councils Act 1861 reversed part of this centralization by restoring legislative powers to Bombay and Madras and allowing legislative councils in other provinces.
Indian Councils Act 1861 Was Passed to Create Emergency Law-Making Power
The Act gave the Viceroy power to issue ordinances in emergencies. This helped the government respond quickly to crises without waiting for the normal legislative process.
Main Features of Indian Councils Act 1861
The main features of the Indian Councils Act 1861 show that it was both an administrative and legislative reform. It did not create representative government, but it made the structure of Crown rule more organized.
| Feature | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Expansion of Executive Council | The Viceroy’s Executive Council was enlarged for better administration. |
| Portfolio System | Members of the Executive Council were placed in charge of separate departments. |
| Additional Legislative Members | The Viceroy could nominate additional members for legislative purposes. |
| Limited Indian Participation | Selected Indians could be nominated to legislative councils. |
| Non-Official Members | The council could include non-official members, though official control remained strong. |
| Restoration of Provincial Powers | Legislative powers of Bombay and Madras were restored. |
| Provincial Councils | The Act allowed legislative councils to be established in other provinces. |
| Ordinance Power | The Viceroy could issue ordinances in emergencies. |
| Secretary of State Control | British control over Indian legislation remained strong through the Secretary of State. |
| Historical Role | The Act opened the way for later council reforms in 1892 and 1909. |
Indian Councils Act 1861 and Portfolio System
The introduction of the portfolio system was one of the most important features of the Indian Councils Act 1861. Under this system, members of the Viceroy’s Executive Council were placed in charge of separate departments. Each member handled a particular branch of administration and became responsible for decisions within that department.
This system made the Executive Council work more like a cabinet. Before this, administrative responsibility was not always clearly divided. The portfolio system created clearer lines of authority. For example, one member could deal with finance, another with military affairs, another with law, another with home administration and another with revenue.
The portfolio system improved administrative efficiency. India was a vast territory with complex problems. A single council without departmental responsibility could not manage all affairs effectively. By distributing work among council members, the government became more organized.
However, the portfolio system was not responsible government in the democratic sense. Council members were not responsible to an elected Indian legislature. They were responsible within the colonial administrative structure. Therefore, the system improved British governance but did not create Indian political power.
Indian Councils Act 1861 and Legislative Council
The Indian Councils Act 1861 expanded the legislative role of the Viceroy’s Council. The Viceroy could add additional members for legislative purposes. These members joined the council when laws were being made, but they did not necessarily participate in ordinary executive administration.
This created a more formal legislative council under Crown rule. The council could discuss and pass laws, but its powers were limited. The Viceroy retained strong control. The Secretary of State for India could also influence or disallow legislation. Therefore, the legislative council was not sovereign or democratic.
The Act allowed the council to include official and non-official members. Some non-official members could be Indians. This was important because it created a limited channel for Indian opinion. However, the nominated members were usually loyal elites, princes, landlords or influential figures. They did not represent the Indian population through elections.
The legislative council under the Indian Councils Act 1861 was therefore a consultative body more than a representative parliament. It helped the British understand elite opinion and gave Indians a symbolic role in law-making, but real power remained with the colonial government.
Indian Councils Act 1861 and Indian Nomination
One of the most discussed features of the Indian Councils Act 1861 was the nomination of Indians to the legislative council. This was a cautious attempt to associate selected Indians with governance after the Revolt of 1857. The British wanted to win the loyalty of influential Indians and avoid complete exclusion of local elites.
Lord Canning nominated some Indians to the legislative council. These included prominent figures from princely, landed and elite backgrounds. Their role was limited, but their inclusion was symbolically important. It marked the beginning of official Indian association with the legislative process under Crown rule.
However, this nomination system had major limitations. Indians were not elected. They had no power to control budgets, question the executive freely or represent public opinion. They could advise, discuss and participate within a limited framework, but they could not challenge British authority.
For exam purposes, students should remember that the Indian Councils Act 1861 made it possible for Indians to be nominated to legislative councils, but it did not introduce election or responsible government. This distinction is very important.
Indian Councils Act 1861 and Provincial Legislative Powers
The Indian Councils Act 1861 restored legislative powers to the presidencies of Bombay and Madras. This was important because the Charter Act 1833 had taken away their legislative powers and had centralized law-making in the Governor-General in Council. The 1861 Act reversed part of this centralization.
The restoration of provincial legislative powers was a practical necessity. India was too large and diverse to be governed only through a central legislative authority. Local conditions varied from one province to another. Bombay, Madras, Bengal and other regions had different administrative needs.
The Act also allowed legislative councils to be created in other provinces. This helped lay the foundation for provincial legislative development. Later constitutional reforms expanded provincial councils and gradually introduced limited electoral principles.
However, provincial legislative powers were still controlled by the colonial government. Provincial councils were not independent. Their laws could be reserved, reviewed or disallowed. Still, the Indian Councils Act 1861 was important because it marked the beginning of legislative decentralization after the extreme centralization of 1833.
Indian Councils Act 1861 and Viceroy’s Ordinance Power
The Indian Councils Act 1861 gave the Viceroy power to issue ordinances in emergencies. This meant that the Viceroy could make temporary laws without going through the normal legislative process when urgent circumstances required immediate action.
This power was important for the British because India was a large and politically sensitive territory. After the Revolt of 1857, the government wanted the ability to respond quickly to crises, rebellions, military emergencies or administrative problems.
However, ordinance power also strengthened executive authority. It allowed the Viceroy to bypass ordinary legislative discussion. From a democratic point of view, this was a weakness because it concentrated emergency law-making power in one colonial office.
The ordinance power introduced under the Indian Councils Act 1861 became an important feature of colonial governance. Similar emergency law-making ideas continued in later constitutional arrangements, showing the lasting influence of early Crown-rule legislation.
Indian Councils Act 1861 and Lord Canning
Indian Councils Act 1861 is closely associated with Lord Canning, the first Viceroy of India. Canning had already faced the Revolt of 1857 as Governor-General. After the Government of India Act 1858, he became the first Viceroy and helped guide the early years of Crown rule.
Lord Canning understood that British rule needed to be more cautious after 1857. He supported the policy of associating selected Indians with governance. The nomination of Indians to legislative councils under the 1861 Act reflected this new approach.
His policy was not democratic, but it was politically practical. The British wanted to avoid complete isolation from Indian society. By including selected elites, they hoped to create loyalty and gather advice without surrendering real power.
For students, Lord Canning should be remembered in connection with the Revolt of 1857, Government of India Act 1858, Queen Victoria’s Proclamation and the Indian Councils Act 1861.
Government of India Act 1858 vs Indian Councils Act 1861
| Point | Government of India Act 1858 | Indian Councils Act 1861 |
|---|---|---|
| Main Purpose | Ended Company rule and transferred power to the Crown. | Reorganized executive and legislative councils under Crown rule. |
| Historical Context | Passed after the Revolt of 1857. | Passed to stabilize and improve Crown administration after 1858. |
| Main Institution | Secretary of State for India and Council of India. | Viceroy’s Executive and Legislative Councils. |
| Indian Participation | No meaningful Indian participation. | Allowed limited nomination of Indians to legislative councils. |
| Administrative Reform | Transferred authority to Crown. | Introduced portfolio system and council expansion. |
| Provincial Powers | Did not mainly restore provincial legislative powers. | Restored legislative powers to Bombay and Madras. |
| Emergency Power | Focused on transfer of authority. | Gave Viceroy ordinance power in emergencies. |
| Historical Meaning | Beginning of British Raj. | Beginning of limited legislative association under Crown rule. |
Significance of Indian Councils Act 1861
The significance of the Indian Councils Act 1861 is high because it was the first major constitutional reform after the beginning of Crown rule. It shaped the structure of British Indian administration and introduced limited association of Indians with law-making.
Indian Councils Act 1861 Introduced Portfolio System
The Act introduced the portfolio system, under which council members were placed in charge of separate departments. This made the executive administration more organized and efficient.
Indian Councils Act 1861 Expanded Legislative Councils
The Act allowed the Viceroy to add additional members to his council for legislative purposes. This helped create a more formal law-making structure under Crown rule.
Indian Councils Act 1861 Allowed Limited Indian Participation
The Act allowed Indians to be nominated to legislative councils. Although this was very limited, it was symbolically important because it began the official association of Indians with legislation.
Indian Councils Act 1861 Restored Provincial Legislative Powers
The Act restored legislative powers to Bombay and Madras, reversing part of the centralization created by the Charter Act 1833. This was an early step toward legislative decentralization.
Indian Councils Act 1861 Created Emergency Ordinance Power
The Act empowered the Viceroy to issue ordinances in emergencies. This strengthened executive authority and allowed quick law-making in urgent situations.
Indian Councils Act 1861 Prepared Future Constitutional Reforms
The Act prepared the way for later reforms such as the Indian Councils Act 1892 and Morley Minto Reforms 1909. It created the council-based structure that later reforms expanded.
Criticism of Indian Councils Act 1861
Although the Indian Councils Act 1861 was important, it had serious limitations. It was a colonial reform designed to strengthen British rule, not to create Indian self-government.
Indian Councils Act 1861 Did Not Introduce Elections
The Act did not introduce elected representation. Indians who entered councils were nominated, not elected. They did not represent the people in a democratic sense.
Indian Councils Act 1861 Gave Indians Only Symbolic Participation
Indian members had limited powers. They could participate in law-making discussions, but they could not control policy, budgets or the executive government.
Indian Councils Act 1861 Maintained British Official Dominance
Official members and British authorities retained control. The Viceroy had strong powers, and the Secretary of State could influence legislation. Real authority remained with the colonial state.
Indian Councils Act 1861 Strengthened Executive Power
The ordinance power strengthened the Viceroy. Emergency law-making could bypass ordinary discussion, which reflected the authoritarian character of colonial rule.
Indian Councils Act 1861 Ignored Popular Representation
The Act included selected elites but ignored the wider Indian population. It did not create mass politics, public accountability or responsible government.
Indian Councils Act 1861 and Muslim Perspective
From the Muslim perspective, the Indian Councils Act 1861 came at a very sensitive time. The Revolt of 1857 had deeply affected Muslims. The symbolic association of Bahadur Shah Zafar with the uprising caused the British to view many Muslims with suspicion. Old Muslim political centers such as Delhi suffered heavily after the revolt.
The Act’s limited nomination system did not solve Muslim political problems. It did not create separate representation, community safeguards or elected participation. However, it showed that the British were beginning to associate selected Indian elites with administration. Over time, this created a debate about who should represent Indian communities in councils.
Muslims faced educational and administrative decline in the early Crown-rule period. The decline of Persian, the rise of English education and the growth of British bureaucracy created new challenges. Many Muslims were slow to enter the new system. This later made the Aligarh Movement important because Sir Syed Ahmad Khan encouraged Muslims to acquire modern education and understand the new political order.
Therefore, the Indian Councils Act 1861 should be connected with post-1857 Muslim decline, Aligarh reform, later constitutional demands and the eventual demand for separate electorates under the Morley Minto Reforms 1909.
Indian Councils Act 1861 for Pakistan Studies
Indian Councils Act 1861 is important for Pakistan Studies because it was the first major council reform after Crown rule began. It created a limited system of Indian association with legislation and introduced administrative changes that shaped later constitutional development.
The Act is also important because it shows the British method of political control after 1857. Instead of giving representative government, the British nominated selected elites. This policy aimed to create loyalty, not democracy. Later Muslim political leaders understood that representation could not be left to nomination alone. This became important in later demands for safeguards and separate electorates.
The Act also helps students understand the constitutional chain from 1858 to 1947. The Government of India Act 1858 created Crown rule. The Indian Councils Act 1861 created limited legislative association. The Indian Councils Act 1892 expanded councils and introduced indirect election-like features. The Morley Minto Reforms 1909 introduced separate electorates. The Montagu Chelmsford Reforms 1919 introduced dyarchy. The Government of India Act 1935 introduced provincial autonomy. The Indian Independence Act 1947 finally ended British rule.
For Pakistan Studies, the Indian Councils Act 1861 is not just a technical law. It is an early step in the constitutional evolution that eventually led to Muslim political representation and the Pakistan Movement.
Important Exam Points
| Topic | Indian Councils Act 1861 |
| Period | Early Crown rule after Government of India Act 1858 |
| Associated Viceroy | Lord Canning |
| Main Administrative Reform | Introduced portfolio system |
| Executive Council | Expanded and organized on departmental lines |
| Legislative Council | Additional members could be nominated for law-making purposes |
| Indian Participation | Allowed limited nomination of Indians to legislative councils |
| Provincial Powers | Restored legislative powers to Bombay and Madras |
| Provincial Councils | Allowed councils to be established in other provinces |
| Viceroy Power | Viceroy could issue ordinances in emergencies |
| Nature of Reform | Limited, nominated and controlled; not democratic |
| Historical Significance | First major council reform after Crown rule and foundation for later council reforms |
Indian Councils Act 1861 Short Answer for CSS, PMS and PPSC
Indian Councils Act 1861 was the first major council reform after the Government of India Act 1858. It expanded the Viceroy’s Executive Council, introduced the portfolio system, added legislative members to the Viceroy’s Council, allowed limited nomination of Indians, restored legislative powers to Bombay and Madras, permitted legislative councils in other provinces and gave the Viceroy emergency ordinance power. It was significant because it began limited Indian association with legislation and reversed some centralization of the Charter Act 1833. However, it did not introduce elections, responsible government or real Indian representation.
Indian Councils Act 1861 Possible Exam Questions
- Discuss the main features and significance of Indian Councils Act 1861.
- How did Indian Councils Act 1861 introduce the portfolio system in British India?
- Why is Indian Councils Act 1861 considered important after the Revolt of 1857?
- Explain the role of Indian Councils Act 1861 in limited Indian participation.
- How did Indian Councils Act 1861 restore provincial legislative powers?
- Critically analyze the limitations of Indian Councils Act 1861.
- Compare Government of India Act 1858 and Indian Councils Act 1861.
- Why is Indian Councils Act 1861 important for Pakistan Studies?
Official and Authentic Source Links
The following official and authentic sources can be used for further verification and study:
Recommended Internal Reading on Bellum Report
To understand the wider background of Indian Councils Act 1861, readers should also study the following Bellum Report topics:
- Muhammad Bin Qasim
- Ghaznavid Empire
- Muhammad Ghori
- Slave Dynasty
- Khalji Dynasty
- Tughlaq Dynasty
- Sayyid Dynasty
- Lodhi Dynasty
- Zahir ud din Babar
- Humayun
- Akbar
- Jahangir
- Shah Jahan
- Anarkali
- Aurangzeb Alamgir
- Decline of Mughal Empire
- Bahadur Shah Zafar
- Revolt of 1857
- Failure of Revolt
- Consequences of Revolt
- Aligarh Movement
- Faraizi Movement
- Titu Mir
- Brahmo Samaj
- Arya Samaj
- Montagu Chelmsford Reforms
Conclusion: Indian Councils Act 1861 as a Powerful Constitutional Step
Indian Councils Act 1861 was a powerful constitutional step in the early period of Crown rule. It did not create democracy, but it reorganized administration and introduced limited legislative association. Its most important features were the portfolio system, expansion of legislative councils, limited Indian nomination, restoration of provincial legislative powers and the Viceroy’s ordinance power.
The Act was a response to the Revolt of 1857 and the beginning of Crown rule under the Government of India Act 1858. The British realized that India could not be governed entirely through exclusion and centralization. However, their response was cautious and controlled. They nominated selected Indians but did not create representative government.
The Indian Councils Act 1861 also reversed part of the centralization created by the Charter Act 1833 by restoring legislative powers to Bombay and Madras. It laid the foundation for later council reforms, especially the Indian Councils Act 1892 and Morley Minto Reforms 1909.
For students, the easiest way to remember Indian Councils Act 1861 is through five points: portfolio system, expanded legislative council, limited Indian nomination, restoration of provincial legislative powers and Viceroy’s ordinance power. These five points explain the whole constitutional importance of the Act.
FAQs About Indian Councils Act 1861
What was Indian Councils Act 1861?
Indian Councils Act 1861 was a British parliamentary law that expanded the Viceroy’s Council, introduced the portfolio system, restored provincial legislative powers and allowed limited nomination of Indians to legislative councils.
Why was Indian Councils Act 1861 passed?
Indian Councils Act 1861 was passed after the Government of India Act 1858 to stabilize Crown rule, improve administration, associate selected Indian elites with legislation and restore some provincial legislative powers.
What was the portfolio system under Indian Councils Act 1861?
The portfolio system under Indian Councils Act 1861 placed members of the Viceroy’s Executive Council in charge of separate departments such as finance, law, military, home and revenue.
Did Indian Councils Act 1861 introduce Indian representation?
Indian Councils Act 1861 allowed limited nomination of Indians to legislative councils, but it did not introduce elected representation or responsible government.
Which Viceroy is associated with Indian Councils Act 1861?
Lord Canning, the first Viceroy of India, is closely associated with the Indian Councils Act 1861 and the early Crown-rule policy of limited Indian association.
How did Indian Councils Act 1861 affect Bombay and Madras?
Indian Councils Act 1861 restored legislative powers to Bombay and Madras, which had been taken away by the Charter Act 1833.
What was the Viceroy’s ordinance power under Indian Councils Act 1861?
The Act gave the Viceroy power to issue ordinances in emergencies. These ordinances allowed temporary law-making when urgent circumstances required immediate action.
Why is Indian Councils Act 1861 important for Pakistan Studies?
Indian Councils Act 1861 is important for Pakistan Studies because it began limited Indian association with legislation and laid the foundation for later constitutional reforms that shaped Muslim representation and political consciousness.
What was the main limitation of Indian Councils Act 1861?
The main limitation of Indian Councils Act 1861 was that it did not introduce elections, real representation or responsible government. Indian participation remained nominated and symbolic.
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The Indus Odyssey from Debal to Islamabad
The Ultimate Guide to Pakistan Affairs (711-2025). A focused Kindle guide for CSS, PMS, PCS, PPSC and FPSC Pakistan Affairs preparation.